The idea that failing schools can be rapidly turned around is a myth, say two Michigan professors. "School turn-around means that you have someone come in and they change some things and test scores dramatically improve," said Tom Pedroni, an associate professor at Wayne State University, who specializes in researching urban school districts where the students are mostly poor and of color. One example of a debunked quick fix is the "Texas Miracle" in the Houston Independent School District in the 1990s under Rod Paige, who later was secretary of education from 2001 to 2005 under President George W. Bush. Pedroni said Paige's turn-around model was used to write the No Child Left Behind Act, which became law in 2002. The central piece of that law was that school districts administer statewide standardized tests to all students in order to receive federal funding.